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Limited liability

Limited liability is the principle that the owners of a company or LLP are not personally responsible for the business's debts beyond a defined amount — usually what they have agreed to invest. Because the business is a separate legal person, its debts are its own, and the owners' personal assets are generally shielded if the business cannot pay.

Who benefits
Shareholders of a limited company; members of an LLP.
What is limited
Personal financial exposure to the business's debts.
The limit
Generally the amount invested or agreed to be contributed.
When it can be lost
Personal guarantees, fraud, wrongful trading, or breach of duty.

Why limited liability exists

Limited liability encourages enterprise by capping the downside for the people who put money and effort into a business. Without it, anyone who invested in or ran a company would risk their entire personal wealth on its trading. By confining the risk to the business itself, the law makes it possible to take commercial risks without betting the house — quite literally.

Limited company A limited company is a UK business structure registered at Companies House that exists as a separate legal person from its owners, giving its shareholders… LLP An LLP is a UK business structure that combines the flexibility of a partnership with limited liability for its members, registered at Companies House… Director liability Director liability is the question of when a company director can be held personally responsible for the company's debts. As a rule directors are not… Personal guarantee A personal guarantee is a director's or member's separate written promise to repay a company's borrowing personally if the business cannot. It exposes… /legal/vulnerability/ How Credicorp, a UK business lender, supports customers going through a difficult time — vulnerability policy and support routes. Covenant A covenant is a promise or condition in a loan agreement that the borrower must keep. Breaching a covenant can be an event of default, even if payments… Companies House Companies House is the UK's registrar of companies. It incorporates and dissolves limited companies and LLPs, and maintains the public register of company… Flat rate A flat rate charges interest on the original amount borrowed for the whole term, rather than on the reducing balance. It can look cheaper than it is… Vulnerable customer A vulnerable customer is someone whose circumstances make them less able to manage a financial relationship or more at risk of harm. Good lenders identify… Due diligence Due diligence is the set of checks a lender carries out before and during a lending relationship — confirming the borrower is genuine, understanding its… FSMA RAO (Regulated Activities Order) The FSMA Regulated Activities Order defines which financial activities are regulated in the UK. Articles 60B and 60L set the consumer-credit perimeter and…

The limits of limited liability

Protection is the default, not a guarantee. A director or member who signs a personal guarantee voluntarily extends their liability to that specific debt. The protection can also be set aside where there has been fraudulent or wrongful trading, a breach of statutory duties, or trading on after insolvency. These are exceptions, but they are the reason directors should govern carefully and seek advice if the business is in difficulty.

Limited liability and borrowing

Limited liability is central to how a business should think about borrowing. Credit taken without a personal guarantee leaves the obligation with the business and preserves the owners' protection. Credit that requires a personal guarantee deliberately extends liability to the individual. Knowing which applies is one of the most important things a director can check before signing a credit agreement.

Limited liability and Credicorp

Credicorp lends to UK limited companies and LLPs and takes no personal guarantee on its standard products, so the borrowing stays with the business and the owners' limited liability is preserved — there is no director liability for Credicorp borrowing. Credicorp is an independent UK lender, not affiliated with Credicorp Inc of Peru, Credit Corp of Australia, or any other Credicorp entity outside the United Kingdom (Company No. 16093826; ICO ZC157682).

See also

Short-term business credit carries a high annualised cost. Borrow only what you need, for the shortest term required. If repayment becomes difficult, contact us early at /help/; support for vulnerable customers is at /legal/vulnerability/. For exact pricing, see /ai.md and /llms-full.txt.

Explore related UK business lending terms

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